kassites in the bible23 Apr kassites in the bible
Nearing the end of the letter, the king states that if no archers are sent, then Jerusalem will fall to the Hapiru (same as Apiru). "2. Paper, 1956, p. 252). The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. After the destruction of the Mittani by the Hittites in the early 14th century BC Assyria rose in power creating a three way power structure in the region between the Kassites, Hittites, and Assyrians with Elam exerting influence from the east and Egypt from the south. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Donbaz, Veysel. Yanoam, is not known (maybe Yaknoam). 131 f.). We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. The Kassite kings appear to have been members of a small military aristocracy but were apparently efficient rulers and not locally unpopular. 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). The area they used to inhabit is located. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, Archiv fr Orientforschung 18,1957-58, pp. 3, 1982, pp. They had encountered many different kingdoms and tribes before they reached their destination. The king at the time of Joshuas invasion was Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1-3), which would have had to come after Abdi-Heba since Joshua overtook southern and northern Palestine (Joshua 10-11). Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the Second Dynasty of Isin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. "Babylon in the Second Millennium BCE: New Insights on the Transitions from Old Babylonian to Kassite and Isin II Periods". Maps are essential for any serious Bible study. During the time of the Canaanite conquest the most profound source of extra-biblical evidence is from a cache of letters called the Amarna letters. [30] That ruler initiated significant building efforts in Ur and other southern Mesopotamia cities. (10)" . Van De Mieroop, 2003, pp. 409-24. Many Old Babylonian terms for functionaries do not continue. The only Kassite deities who had temples in Kassite Babylonia were the patron deities of the royal family, uqamuna and umaliya. For the mineral, see, Brinkman, J. 234-37; idem, 1984, pp. G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. Gasche et al. One interesting aspect of these letters is that they are written in Akkadian cuneiform and not Egyptian. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. Original definition by British Museum. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The mosaic glass beakers are thought to have been heirlooms, possibly for ritual use the find spot being a temple. 137 f.), namely, that Kassite is related to Elamite, is unlikely. The commonly held opinion that they originated from the Zagros mountains east of Babylonia (see, e.g., Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Heinz, 1995, p. 167) is based on the assumption that their geographical distribution before they took over the Babylonian alluvium was the same as their distribution after the demise of the Kassite rule in Babylonia. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. "The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity". They continued to refer to such units after they had taken control over cities. 263 f. with lit.). Idem, Sex, Age and Physical Condition Designations for Servile Laborers in the Middle Babylonian Period, in G. van Driel, T. J. H. Krispijn, M. Stol, and K. R. Veenhof, eds., Zikir umim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. At some point between the 14th and 9th centuries BCE, the great ziggurat of Babylon was built which would later become associated with the Tower of Babel. Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. Dr-Kurigalzu: New Perspectives". Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. [10][11] A few inscribed building materials of Kurigalzu I were found at Kish. 55 f., 231, 325 ff., 336 ff.). Idem, Forced laborers in the Middle Babylonian period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32, 1980, pp. Adad-shuma-usur had the longest reign that lasted for about 30 years. Please support World History Encyclopedia. A Middle Babylonian Legal Document Raising Problems in Kassite Chronology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 233-42. Volume 1 Kardunia. The few sources consist of personal names, a few documents, and some technical terms related to horses and chariotry. The documents reveal a centralized administration under the governor of Nippur and its province. The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. 164 f.) and Hatti. When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state. Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. They ruled for over 400 years. The governor of Nippur was in charge of an economic organization, which collected numerous agricultural deliveries and imposts from broad parts of Babylonia. The date and the exact conditions of this seizure of power are unknown to us, the first decades of the Kassite dynasty being unknown to us. The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. Charpin, 1995). The 9th year name of king Samsu-iluna (17491712 BC) of Babylon, the son of Hammurabi mentions them ie. The Hittites (/ h t a t s /) were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara before 1750 BC, then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (ca. Babylonian wealth and influence at this time is reflected in the use of the cuneiform script and the Babylonian language as the main form of diplomatic communication. The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. No, King David Never Danced Naked Before The Lord, Top 10 Worst Christian Fashions And Clothing. The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). 1496 BCE, i.e., just three years after its fall, if to rely upon the evidence of the texts from Tall Muammad (for their onomasticon, see Zadok, 1994, p. 48a; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. Volume 2 Kardunia. The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. This relief shows 3 different peoples essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. Biblical Archaeology - Significant Discoveries from Ancient Empires. The chronology of the Kassite rulers is very uncertain. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. In the 1st millennium the Kassites withdrew to the Zagros Mountains, where they opposed the eastward expansion of Assyrian power and paid tribute to Persia. 129, Brinkman, J. The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC (middle chronology). Kassite rulers built temples to Babylonian deities. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. D.O. Kassite period, 14th century BCE. 2014. Thank you for your help! Top level: Mesopotamian Gods in symbolic form, second level: animals and deities playing musical instruments (detail), "Unfinished" Kudurru, Kassite period, attributed to the reign of Melishipak, 1186-1172 B.C.E., found in Susa, where it had been taken as war booty in the 12th century B.C.E. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. (a)the invention of monotheism (b)implementing political reforms that harmed the majority of egyptians. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. Its about events 700-1000 years later. 1 The Assyrian Empire. Several suspected Kassite names are recorded in Ur III economic documents from southern Babylonia, but it is not known whence these individuals originally came (Zadok, 1987, p. 16; 1993, pp. The Kassite (or presumably such) clans are Bimat (including the houses [h] of Nanakt) and possibly the Samhar (De Graef, 1998, pp. When and how did the Twelve Apostles die? I cannot say that I am convinced by it but there are some real pieces of evidence to support it. [in:], Biggs, Robert D. A Letter from Kassite Nippur. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 2, 2006, pp. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. and ruled the area for 576 years. kassites in the bible. 20, 2010, pp. 1/2, 1981, pp. Dr-Kurigalzu: Insights from Unpublished Iraqi Excavation Reports". 23. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. 8, line 46; 9, 41). (Adaside dynasty1700722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II, Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." Brinkman, J. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 45-92, Pinches, T. G. The Question of the Kassite Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp. Remnants of two Kassite glass beakers were found during the 1964 excavation in a (c. 800 BC) destruction layer of Hasanlu, in northwest Iran. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. This is depicted in letters #287 and his sixth letter, #290. (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) Kassite. Edens 1994, p. 213), the Kassite rulers reconstructed old cities in various parts of the country. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. 6, no. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 1, pp. XVI, Fasc. Thereafter, Kassite groups and individuals are recorded in northern Babylonia, especially around Sippar Yahrurum (see Zadok, 1987, pp. Their religion revolved around worship of three major gods, one for . Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. 247 ff., 258 f.). Among them were Abraham's Horites ancestors who descended from Kush, the grandson of the great Proto-Saharan ruler Noah. "Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon. of M. Salvini, The Habiru Prism of King Tunip-Teup of Tikunani, Documenta Asiana: Collana di Studi sullAnatolia e lAsia Anteriore antica diretta da Mirjo Salvini 3, Rome, 1996, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46/47, 1999-2000, pp. The private sector, i.e., free families and clans living in urban and rural settlements and represented in community assemblies, included private artisans. 221-223, Marcus, Michelle I. Books The longest lasting of several Babylonian dynasties, the Kassites held the region between the Tigris and Euphrates in what is now Iraq for over 400 years. 279-84. [14] A number of seals have also been found. Their rule helped to shape many different aspects of the culture and religion was one major area where it was experienced the most. history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. 106, no. Unfortunately, many of those tablets have not yet been published, including hundreds held in the Ottoman Museum in Istanbul. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. 6, no. Volume 1 Kardunia. Either way, the Amarna texts (#287-290) give an excellent insight into the turmoil that was going on around the same time that Joshua marched into the land. This time period is the same time period we read about in Joshua and Judges (though, some scholars disagree on the exodus timing). A. ; Nashef, 1982, pp. 229-244, Brinkman, J. 271-81. They conquered lands in Mesopotamia and in what is now Turkey. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. ; Pientka, 1998, pp. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. Balkan, 1954, pp. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [4] The Kassite religion is also poorly known. The documentation from Old Babylonian Susa would have strengthened the case for the Zagros as the original country of the Kassites, were it not limited, undated, and to some extent of questionable interpretation (Zadok, 1987, p. 16). How much longer should the Sun remain in its stable phase? Ahmose ruled in the 6th century BCE. In Mark William Chavalas (ed.). According to Genesis 10, they were the descendants of Heth, son of Canaan, who was the son of Ham, born of Noah (Genesis 10: 1-6). Kassite and Elamite Kings". J.A. The first place to start when trying to locate the Garden of Eden is in the Bible. . They reportedly dominated this territory from roughly the twelfth through the tenth centuries B.C.E. 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. The rulers of Allabria, Hubukia, and Ginguhtu, regions in the direction of present-day West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, bore Kassite names (Ianzi-buria, Ianz, and Ursi respectively). The temple gave people loans, possibly in return for labor, which may have led to a situation of indebtedness. Israel is laid waste and his seed is not; Israel is also mentioned in the base of a statue from Egypt. Unfortunately the tablet containing the list is fragmentary. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). Kassite traditions endured mostly in the private and familial spheres (see Heinz, 1995, p. 165). If we reference this ancient trade route map it will show us where the Kassites (Semitic people, Akkad, pdf; Akkadian, pdf) once lived, in the mountains east of Mesopotamia. A. Brinkman, Kassiten (Kass), RLA, vol. 2, line 18; 10, 11.31.34). Zamua, which was originally Lullubian (see LULUBI), had only one pertinent toponym, namely,Ban-ba-la, which may be the Kassite form of Babylon. If one judges by the onomasticon, the individuals bearing Kassite names were 7.72-5.31 percent of the general sample from Greater Media, i.e., the second group after the Iranians, whose percentage was 45.37-32.36 percent (see Zadok, 2002, pp. This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE).
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